PSYCHOLOGY 7.27.13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PSYCHOLOGY 7.27.13 - Essay Example Erikson’s Developmental Model qualifies Emerson and Hardaway for â€Å"young adulthood and middle adulthood†. The age interval for young adulthood ranges is from 19 - 40 years whereas middle adulthood is from 40 - 65 (McLeod, 2013). Supported by relationships, Young adulthood is classified as â€Å"intimacy vs. isolation†. At this stage warm meaningful relationships are shaped along with the increasing possibility of failure (McLeod, 2013). However, middle adulthood is classified as â€Å"generativity vs. stagnation† supported on parenthood and work. It is the time for transferring legacies and success to the next generation supported by significant accomplishments to help others (McLeod, 2013). The study involved college level students conducted for Adult Development (Vaillant,Soldz & Cui,1938) where college level students’ average age for freshmen is 18-19 whereas some unusual cases of non-traditional students ages 30 years & above. Given that, th is declaration fits Mr. Hardaway and Mr. Emerson for the study. The main focus of study is on the elements such as mental health, adaption to stress, alcohol abuse, physical disorders and morality. Daniel Levinson focused on positive facets that give a new turn to â€Å"Adult Development† perspective. Among the others there were four central sections according to his model such as directionless change, stasis, and decline (Boundless). Applying this model, Mr. Emerson falls in â€Å"decline stage† and Mr. Hardaway in the â€Å"positive adult development stage†. The category of positive adult development is subdivided into experience, hierarchical complexity, expertise, knowledge, spirituality and wisdom. Peck’s model concerning adult development is so far the shortest among other psychologists. His model comprises of: â€Å"Ego-differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation, body-transcendence vs. body-preoccupation, and finally ego-transcendence vs. ego-pre occupation† (Quizlet, 2013). Careful analysis ranks Mr. Emerson under body-transcendence vs. body-preoccupation while Mr. Hardaway under ego-transcendence vs. ego-preoccupation. Mr. Emerson suffers from a physical disability that limits him from being hopeful for the future. On the contrary, Mr. Hardaway has upholstered to make a lasting significant contribution to society even after his death. Mr. Emerson is a physically disabled ex-engineer who got injured in supervising project. His best friend Baily saved him from being killed. Mr. Emerson spoke of his great connection with parents while he was young and also a quality relationship with his best friend Baily. They motivated him to always do the best of his efforts. However, Mr. Emerson feels loneliness as he doesn’t have any children or siblings and his parents died 10 years ago. Mr. Emerson still feels loneliness even though Baily comes to see him often. He confessed his un-fulfillment of not becoming an engineer d ue to the accident that made him physically disabled. He hesitated in answering the question of grabbing the opportunity of becoming a consultant or the like; however his answer was on the negative end. Mr. Emerson evaded and drifted away from the subject based on the last part of his life. He drank as a minimum of three beers per day to cope up with

Persuasive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive - Essay Example Indeed, certain basic assumptions about the leadership qualities especially which relates to the individual approach of tackling issues and objectives, may create a vast difference to the results achieved. While leader is endowed with many qualities but exemplary leaders is one who encourages freedom of choice. Leaders are not pre defined and molded into certain stature. They are people who may be in the position to influence and motivate others to give their best. Organizational leadership assumes special meaning because it motivates and encourages others to strive towards common goals with renewed enthusiasm. It is equally important that certain basic assumptions about the organizational leadership qualities especially which relate to the individual approach of tackling issues and objectives, may create a vast difference to the results achieved. Leadership assumes special meaning because it motivates and encourages that target group within the population that plays a crucial part in the future of nation building processes. Through effective communication and dissemination of information, the leadership promotes empowerment. It is vital for leaders to empower other people so that their decision making power is greatly enhanced through exercising informed choices effectively. Empowerment can be broadly defined as freedom to exert one’s choices for their own good by implementing them. In the contemporary time, empowerment has become one of the most crucial issues among the masses as it directly influences the welfare of the individuals and the society at large. Empowerment facilitates realization of self worth, instilling self confidence in one’s ability to make independent decisions about themselves, especially with relation to their socio-economic and political decisions. Hence, an empowered person has more options and freedom to transform those choices into concrete action plans for the betterment of self and the

Fall of the Berlin wall, The First Earth Day 1970 april 22nd, Essay

Fall of the Berlin wall, The First Earth Day 1970 april 22nd, Assaination of JFK, Invention of the Internet,The Columbine shooting, Cuban Missle Crisis, Woodstock - Essay Example The Berlin Wall became a representation of the bipolar politics of the Cold War that separated the worldwide community throughout most of the second half of the twentieth century. During the Cold War, the United States commanded a circle of capitalist polities while the Soviet Union stood at the center of a number of competing states whose governments supported Marxist principles of proletarian internationalism (Buckley 11). In 1989, a wave of widespread opposition in Eastern Europe against the persisting domination of communist authoritarianism led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany. The fall of the Berlin Wall turned out to be an introduction to the dissolution of the Soviet Union two years later. The construction, maintenance and collapse of the Berlin Wall have represented trends of history whose global influence goes beyond the local politics of a single city. The collapse of the Wall became the catalyst to achieve German reunification, finally estab lished in 1990. In the last months of the 1960s, environmental problems in the United States were growing rapidly. Uncontrolled air pollution was associated to illnesses and death in New York, Los Angeles, and other cities, as poisonous fumes, ejected by cars and factories, made city life less and less endurable. In a move fittingly responding to the problem, an estimated 20 million Americans assembled together on April 22, 1970, in the largest organized demonstration in the history of the nation, to take part in a remarkably well-publicized environmental event known as Earth Day (Marriot 1). The anti-pollution position of these groups, after influencing the climate of political opinion at the state and local level, swiftly spread throughout editorials and editorial cartoons featured in the nations leading newspapers. Media coverage of the large youth rallies of 1969 served to influence on the American public that the United States had become an urban country with

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourists as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months. Since the human race existed they have been migrating, travelling all around to achieve different goals, religious purposes, sports, and other leisure activities, for better life, better facilities. In fact there can be hundred reasons for travelling. There cant be fixed and set date to determine when and where and how the first pilgrimage occurred but we can say people started travelling and moving back and forth since they were born. But if we look through the history then we see it happened in 5th and between 3rd millennia BC, when paganism was the culture and religion in the Europe. In the Christian world people have been travelling to Israel where Jesus was born and lived because they spiritually relate themselves to the holiness, and to the shrines of disciples. In the Muslim world the first pilgrimage occurred in 629-628 CE. And it was from Makkah to medina. (www.grand-tour.org) In the ancient times Hindus, Romans, Greeks have long been migrating, travelling for different reasons. So its not particularly related to any specific religion. Grand Tours: Grand Tour specifically means the travel taken by young, wealthy, privileged people for the purpose of education, enhancing their travelling experience to excel in their careers. Grand tours history dates back to the 18th century Britain when the British people and their country was the wealthiest on the face of the earth. So the wealthy people used to send their young kids on grand tours to different countries, mainly to Europe to enhance their experience to practical life and for the education related purposed as well. In Britain Thomas Coryats travel book Coryats Crudities(1611) was a great influence Grand Tour but it was the far more extensive tour through Italy as far as Naples undertaken by the Collector Earl of Arundel, together with his wife and children in 1613-14 that established the most significant precedent. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour Grand Tours was involving a period of year long, because in those times the means of travelling were so slow and because the term grand tour ventures more than one country so it used to take one year or more. As the time passed the means of travelling got so fast, challenging and more efficient the travelers went more far and far for more exotic places and countries. James Boswell was the most famous in this regard who kept all records in a journal of his travelling and other experiences during such Tour. The first Journal Grand Tour and was published in 1749 by Thomas Nugent. Regarding the professional Travel and tourism the first person to develop this idea was Thomas cook in 1850s he developed and then on he offered travel packages to all parts of the world. So this thing eventually made this effectively cheap and affordable for the middle class as well, as it was only affordable for rich people before. In 1867, Mark Twain had a European and Eastern Mediterranean Tour and sent back the dispatches to Alta California, which was a San Francisco paper. His dispatches were later published a book called The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims Progress. In 1873 at the age of 10 William Randolph Hearst took Grand Tour, travelled one and a half year with the habit of collecting. And his collections can be seen at Hearst Castle in USA. By the late 19th century, the Grand Tour had turned to be an American phenomenon because newly wealthy citizens related themselves to the heirs of the western traditions and they traced their cultural lineage from the Greece to the Roman Empire, European Renaissance. So during those times rich Americans would tour ancient cities of Mediterranean, great European cities as part of their Grand Tours. They felt so related and aspired by the Venices well-to-do merchants and traders who collected the wealth from around the world, loved the architecture. From 1960s the grand tour has taken a totally new shape all over again, students are travelling with backpacks and living in the youth hostels and travelling around. Because the means of transportation are increased to the maximum level, things are starting to slow down a little bit like the olden days, i.e. people again starting to find ships, cruises more lovely and enjoyable like olden days. (www.grand-tour.org) The Modern Tourism: The difference between modern and past tourism is that, modern tourism involves mass availability and mass participations in holidays. Modern travel involves a universal access to travel for individual in every part of the world with destination on an international scale. Modern tourism involves many different types each that in turn have had an impact on the transport means. The different types of tourism can be divided based on the tourists main interest of their trip. Tourism can involve one of the following; adventure, pleasure, sports, cultural, sports, study, incentive, research, professional and country. (www.exampleessays.com) Modern tourism is totally changed from the past because it has got vital modern tool which are high -tech and fast and they save a lot of time. So since the modern inventions have arrived such as, trains, airplanes, cruises, ships, roads, trains, they have changed the face of tourism tremendously. The whole scenarios have been changed. Travel has become cheap and within the access of everybody unlike the past where only rich and wealthy were the ones who were able to travel. Now the tourism has become faster, easier and cheaper and easier and there are more varieties in the forms of tourism then the past. Here we will discuss some of the modern historic developments that has helped modern tourism to take a whole new shape. Factors Facilitating Growth of the Travel and Tourism: The most important factors which are facilitating the travel and tourism and their growth are as follows: Sea Travel. Rail Travel. Air Travel. Sea, air and rail have been playing an important part in the growth of travel and tourism. With these factors the tremendous growth and increase in travel and tourism have become possible. Trains: In the past traveling was so slow, it was taking months and years to travel but since the invention of the trains it has become far easier and faster to move around and its one of the most enjoyable way of traveling among the tourists. The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport. Ships and Cruises: The first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various Stone Age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The earliest boats were invented by Egyptians in 3100 BC, and then in 2700 BC they invented ships for trade. (www.localhistories.org) The age of sail, technically and formally speaking, is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were both dominated by sailing ships. The age of sail mostly coincided with the age of discovery, from the 15th to the 18th century 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The modern cruises are the most modern addition to the sea travel. The cruises have casinos, swimming pools, playing fields, dance venues or we can say the provide almost all the facilities like any high class hotel. Traveling through cruise has become posh and very fashionable and people are being drawn more towards the traveling through cruises. Air Travel The first hovercraft was launched in 1959. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962. In 1919 aero planes began carrying passengers between London and Paris. Jet passenger aircraft were introduced in 1949. However in the early 20th century flight was a luxury few people could afford. Furthermore only a small minority could afford foreign travel. Foreign holidays only became common in the 1960s. The Boeing 747, the first Jumbo jet was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994. (www.localhistories.org) Since the invention of the aero planes the humans have traveled to even those parts of the world where traveling was literally, virtually was almost impossible. Current and future Trends and Development in the travel and tourism sector. In the travel and tourism sector with the modern hi-tech technology, faster means of communications, faster means of transportations, modernized approach in every part of the travel and tourism industry from travelling to hospitality to accommodation everything has become faster and more sophisticated. And in the recent years there has been huge rise in the sector. And the future trend is going up as well. Poetry: History And Origins Of Poetry: History And Origins Of Literature is as old as history of the man itself. Over the past few decades, the role of literature in language learning teaching has been subject to variations. However, literature was excluded from language teaching programme owing to many reasons. The common among these was it structural complexity and its unique use of language. As, literature reflects cultural perspective which is difficult to conceptualize by foreign language students, therefore, it is uninteresting for them. Literature is being considered to be an integral part of any language teaching and learning programme. Language and literature are inseparable. The inclusion of literature in language teaching and learning can bring a fresh breeze into the dry and mechanical task of language learning and teaching. Inge (1970) says, Literature flourishes best when it is half trade and half an art. Literature makes language learning enjoyable because it does not only provide a genuine context for communication, but it also gives pleasure by engaging emotions. Therefore, it motivates and stimulates the language learner. Stop ford A. Brooke (1970) says, Literature is something that gives pleasure to the reader. Moreover, literature has different genres like plays, essays, short stories and poetry. The major focus is on the poetry. Before it, here is a definition on literature. Oscar Wilde (1970) says, Literature is something that is to be written not to be read. In early period, conventional blocks were linked together. According to agreed rules, we can observe much in folk song where the old method was never discontinued. Blave argues that by the end of mediaeval period, literature had been written in English for hundreds of years and it was seen that there is no existence of knowledge of previous literature and language. English appeared to be a language without a past and with a literature that was always modern. Hence words could not attract to themselves those associations linked with known literary works or linguistic origins. English words were insubstantial things which had to be given meanings by many devices such as repetition. 2.2. Poetry: Poetry grasps students attention, its format and style is different as compared to the ordinary run of literary texts. Other than this, poetry is one of the most ancient and widespread of the (literary) arts. Poetry is an important genre in English literature. In poetry, we find fantasized, imaginative world. Here are definitions: Eliot (1970) says, Poetry is the imagination that presents its subject with clarity, precision and economy of language. Sidney (1970) says, All the imaginative literature is poetry. Poems are at times better to use in the classroom because they are briefer and more compact than essays or even short stories. Coleridge (1970) says, The best words in the best order Poetry helps the readers to become more intensive reader and most jobs today still call for some close reading and clear writing. Poetry also reflects the culture of a society to a great extent. It also acts as a mirror of the changing times of a country. Taking the poetry of Pakistan for example, we can get clear picture of the changing viewpoints which are going on in Pakistan at that times. Poetry is used all around the world for teaching and learning purpose. Simple English poems are rich in suggestive, colourful and associative word and expressions which speak subtly different messages to different people. Each personal meaning found in the poem is shared, exchanged, negotiated, reinforced, valued, or loosed in the process of interacting freely, safely, funnily with others findings. There are different meanings to understand poetry. But here, the focus is only on the connotative meaning. 2.3. History / Origin of Poetry: Poetry is not very popular these days. This is an obvious fact for poets, teachers of poetry and poetry-lovers. A different kind of poetry is very much alive today in the forms of popular music lyrics and raps and in jingles but for advertisement and for political purposes. These forms are mostly kept in listeners memories due to the commercial pressures. But many of these forms clearly depend on music or on the interaction of words and music,or on the additional qualities of performance in order to succeed because the written texts may be uninteresting and may miss the special points made by the interaction of music and words in performance. In literary poetry, since the beginning of the twentieth century, practice has shifted away from audible rhythm and towards free verse. For a few decades, while the traditions of rhythm were still active in minds of readers, the free verse of Eliot Pound, Williams and H.D. and the syllabic verse of Marianne Moore could be received as experiments in new sorts of rhythm, reactions toward or against conventions of meter, defamiliarizing the real rhythms of spoken word. The notion of meter in written poetry has vanished from the public memory so there is no interest in written poetry for general readership. This shift founds in the history of western poetry towards the effacement of the bodily pleasure that is experienced in the regular, musical rhythm of meter and towards the meaningful poetry as act of communication. Anthony Easthope (1983) has described the history of this trend within the frame work of the ascendancy of bourgeois culture and of individual subjectivity. The argument of Easthope is deep and compelling and Amittai F. Auiram has been as having something of a complementary relation with it. But Easthope emphasizes the revolutionary aspects of modernism in poetry and sees poet like pound as reversing and breaking the trend towards bourgeois subjectivity, Avirain sees pounds abandonment of traditional forms, his insistance on the rhythm of each line representing the sense as only a continuation of that very trend. In short, it is attend away from poetry toward prose, narrative or exposition; away from the rhythmic pleasures of the body and towards its repression in social discourse; away from the runs subjective effect of rhythm and toward individual expression, socially constructed, as in pound, than self begins to reach the limits of its own undoing. The trend from poetry toward pro se should be seen within the context of a theory of poetry but has become especially prominent in modern times as society has shifted what toward the importance of information in its material life. Thing are not valuable for the physical adventures they offer so much a for what they mean in the most reductive sense, for example, how much they cost, what they are worth on the market. For twenty five year T.S Eliot exercised an authority in the literary world not posses by any writer before him for more than a century. Bu the end of 1920s his poetry was an escapable influence on younger poets and his criticism shaped their word and he was pared by many authors. Twenty year later, the waste land was still widely regarded as the most radical and brilliant development of modernist poetry. An important point is that one must have seen the ages of 1940s and 1950s in which Eliots literary terms and judgments were cited frequently and respectfully. Moreover, Christian ideology was unattractive to many scholars in England and the united states. Thus Eliot was seen as a central poet in the future development of poetry and no poet can compete him. Poetry Strategies: Understanding modern poetry requires an understanding of the following: (1) Free Verse Most modern poems are written in free verse. Free verse has no fixed meter and no fixed line length or stanzas. The poet decides where the line should break based on how the poem should look on the page or where a natural break occurs. (2) Literal and Symbolic meanings The literal meaning of modern poetry often reflects everyday life. They everyday scenes are full of symbolic meaning. (3) Diction Modernism is a deliberate break forms that characterized traditional poetry. Whereas traditional verse relied on formal language, modern poetry uses informal, everyday speech. Understanding of Poetry: English language includes numerous words that main virtually the same thing. Each and every word has a slightly different pattern of sound and shade of meaning that will create a certain individual effect on the reader. As a result, the reader has the power of word choice. The sound of a word can be very important to the mood you are establishing in a poem. For example, compare these two separate stanzas. The old man wrenched His sack of guts And hacked a cough The senior detected A murmur In his intestines We should be able to hear how the hard sounds of the first stanza contrast with the softer sounds of the second. The sound also have a great effect on the meaning and the melody of each live. The old man in the first stanza seems to be in a much worse state than the senior in the second stanza. The words hacked and cough echo the hard sound of the mans coughing while the words murmur and intestines in second example reduce the seniors illness to minor discomfort. Connotation: Connotations are ideas that are associated with a word. These associations go beyond the dictionary definition. The word snake for example, may be defined as a member of the reptile family but this word has many associations like someone or something that is dangerous, low down or slimy. In addition to having a connotation, some words have a symbolic significance due to past associations. For example, as a result of the Garden of Eden story, a snake is associated with evil, especially an evil tempter. In western literature and everyday usage, animals and colors have often been used as symbols, as have the reasons of year, times of day, geographic terrain, natural elements and natural and man-made objects. Connotations are the overtones of word, their vibrations good or bad. Connotation is also to denotation as the figurative is to the literal. Connotation represents the things that a person associates with a word. There are different kinds of meaning in English language. But there are two major kind of meaning to understand the poems or stanzas. These are denotative meaning and connotative meaning. Denotative meaning is a primary meaning of a word. For instance, bread is an edible made up of flour, yeast, water and so on. On the other hand, connotative meaning is a secondary meaning of a word as well as symbolic meaning of a word and cultural dimensions. Bread is a word that is used for money and it is the staff of life. It is through a piece of writing that a person discovers the intention of the writer. Tone controls how a person reads a words denotative and connotative values. Connotation refers to the feeling or images a word evokes in the reader. Students are better able to recall any vocabulary term if they can make a personal association with it. Connotation means what may be differentiated from the former as suggested, implicit or intimated meaning. The following term describes the concept of connotation/denotation that was explained by justice Windeyer in the Queen V. commonwealth Conciliation Arbitration Commission; ex parte Professional Engineers Association: In interpreting the Constitution, we must not restrict the denotation of its terms to the things they denoted in 1900. The words denotation becomes enlarged as new things falling with in its connotation comes into existence or becomes known. But the connotation or connotations of its words should remain constant in the interpretation of the constitution. Words would have borne in 1900 so we are not to give word a different meaning from any meaning. Law is to be accommodated to changing facts. It is not to be changed as language changes. The dictionary helps a lot to see a series of meaning that a word has acquire since it inception. These meanings are the words connotations. When words have several connotations, a person must rely upon its context to derive its meaning. For example, the word blue has gathered different connotations. First, blue refers to the color. There are also dress blues, a term referring to a military uniform. Blue can also mean depressed or melancholy and it also means the musical genre. The word blue also appears in the common expression blue in the face and out of the blue. So, a word blue ha quite a lot of meaning packed into it. Many other word carry a list of connotative meanings as well. A port is better able to learn as many connotative meanings as possible by using words with several meanings in his poetry. He can broaden the scope of his work and can also help the reader to reach a more diverse population. 2.7. History of Connotation: In medieval literature, there are two major sources of connotation that are native and foreign. The former refers to potential associations inherent in words due to their Germanic pagan links and the latter to the associations which learned loanwords bring in the train. Alliterative revival which led to a different vocabulary being used in each period, naÃÆ'Â ¯ve connotations for word in Middle English are difficult to detect. So to consider the possibility of native connotation it is better to take the Anglo-Saxon period. It is closer to the Germanic background in time, and it literature seems to spring from a more unified cultural tradition than that from the middle English period. We are left on individual word which may have connotations. Many of the words used in old English poetry are Germanic stock and as such they may have carried pagan heroic connotations with them. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was believed that old English poetry was essentially Germanic and heroic in spirit so the words of the poems were interpreted as though they carried pagan connotations. It was seen that pagan connotations for Anglo-Saxon words are replaced by Latin ones. It is easier to prove a Christian Latin association than a pagan heroic one, on one ride because of the nature of Latin language and on other because no pagan Germanic poetry survives. 2.8. Importance of Connotation: The words connotative meanings dont explain themselves for systematic explanation but they are generally work on particular words that surround them. E.g. Everybody knows that good is used to describe the high quality, positive, approved of or appreciated things. But it has also some additional meanings. In an utterance such a shes rally a good person, It connotes someone who is generous, kind, thoughtful, honest and reliable. When we say shes a really good student, the connotation shifts in the direction of brought, motivated, hardworking, organized, cooperative and so on. For describing good story, the word good means interesting or involving. In other words, what makes a person good is not the same set of qualities that makes a student good, or a story good. And of course, good does not mean good at all in a sarcastic tone. A good dictionary can be of some help here. It provides guidance to the teacher as well a extensive and intensive experience with texts. It is finally by seein g and hearing words in actual contexts of use and by assimilating other words. It means that learners will be able to seek their connotative meanings. And hearing is important. Knowledge of a languages sound system is really necessary in speech and is also essential in reading particularly in reading of poetry. Connotations are changing the course of history and of human knowledge. It will point out the relation between connotation and designation. It has seen that if the people behave in a way that makes for fame or infamy, the names acquire decided connotations. And if the names are used very much in contexts the emphasize this connotation than these connotations become so slandered that the proper names can become general terms. Thus the boarder line between connotation and designation is neither sharp nor static. Poetry is the best place to study word connotation. For practical purposes, we should view the advertisements (good or bad) for cruder and simpler examples. For instance, in industrial products, we should keep in mind key word in advertising slogans and note connotation. What is meant by injunction to be a Dawn Girl to have that creamy look to wear a Danto Sweet Smile to develop an English complexion? These terms may designate and it is their connotation. There are good reasons for this. May be that car, hair lotion and whiskey actually does have, not only the characteristics designated but also the characteristics connoted. For a complicated study, it is instructive to look among advertisements for terms with a scientific connotation and this term carry with them on intimation that the product is result of laboratory research or approved by a doctors. The impression that a word gives beyond its defined meaning, refers to connotation. Connotations may be universally understood or may be significant only to a certain group. Both horse and steed denotes the same animal, but steed has a different connotation that it deriving from romantic narratives in which the word was often used. 2nd example about the word home, it means that the place where one lives, but by connotation, it suggests security, family, love and comfort. Consonance occurs is poetry when words appearing at the ends of two or more verses have similar final consonant sounds but have final vowel sound that differ, as with stuff and off words and images that might be used in poems hold meanings, feelings and Connotations which might provoke different clues that people find but it does not mean that a person is exactly saying about a poem. The personal response is important in understanding the literary judgment and close analysis of text. Role of Connotation: Connotation meaning refers to the features of word and it also refers to ones reaction to it, that is its emotional content. For example, A nastier connotation has seen in the word slimy rather than a word silky. The following are described the two line of poetry, one being a denotatively equivalent but connotatively contrasting version of the other. Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness. (Ode to Autumn, Keats) Time of fog and ripe productivity (after, Wallwork, 1969) There is nothing objectively poetic about word like mists or mellow but we have a strong experience of these words. It is difficult to remember that their sweet and pleasant sound qualities are only created by social evaluation. Words can measure and represent their connotative meaning. An idea related to the denotative and connotative meaning of words is category and function shift. This heft occurs when words did not have development previously but now they are used. For example, the word paper began as a noun, it means the sheet of pressed plant fibers you write upon. Then it acquired verb capabilities for use in a sentence e.g., He will paper her mirror with love notes. Paper can also be used as an adjective, such as in the phrase paper plate. The word paper changed categories from noun to verb to adjective without changing spelling. It changed functions too because nouns, verbs and adjectives play different roles in sentences. For romantic poets, poetic meter performs a similar function like the purely formal element of poetry. It can either provide clear, denotative meaning or it can carry follow well known techniques for conveying the connotative meaning. This element follows patterns of compositional practice, convention and deliberate effect and carriers with it patterns of implicit connotation similar to those perceived in absolute music. Wordsworth most famous work on poetics, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, demonstrates not only his concerns about these contractual conditions but also his conception of their meaning. He also insisted on writing the theoretical Preface. He felt that his readers might accuse him of breaking the unspoken agreement of comprehensibility between the poet and his readers. His attempt to deflect criticism for Prosaisms, places where poetry becomes too much like prose, demonstrates this anxiety most clearly. Winters describes poetic theory, its concision, lyric but he explains that poetry is the highest linguistic expression, in addition to the denotative aspects of words emphasized in forms of writing, poetry also makes particular use of connotative ones, the two together composing the total content of language. The purpose of poetry is to describe experience as precisely as possible connotation in poetry acquires a moral dimension and to preserve clarity, connotation or feeling must be carefully controlled. Levels of brain to understand connotation: When reading a poem by a person, the brain works on several different levels: It responds to the sounds It responds to the words themselves and their connotations It responds to the emotions It responds to the learning of the world. Poetry becomes a good source of learning through this process. It helps how to read literature in general. All the other genres have elements of poetry within them. Learn how to read poetry in a good way and it is the only way to become a more accomplished reader. Emily Dickinson who claimed that reading a book of poetry (by a poet) made her feel as if they top of {her} head were taken off. Study of Meaning of Context Clues: There are many methods for findings word meaning. The method of studying word meaning which is described under this heading is by using context clues. Context refers to the words and ideas in the text surrounding a word. This text elaborates clues to the meaning of individual words. Context also helps to understand how meaning of the word is being used according to the authors point of view. Meanings of the words may be denotative and connotative. Denotative meaning is often found in dictionary definitions but connotative meaning of the words has both positive and negative effect on the word meaning. Look at the example: the words demure and Prim both have same meaning that is shy. However, Prim has negative connotation of being strict or remote. Demure has positive connotation of being sweet or innocent. It is also found that the additional meaning is part of the words contextual meaning. It appears as a result of the words correlation with others. Connotation is one of the key so the power of words. In a literary text, the most innocent looking word can achieve the most vivid connotations. One of the components of a words meaning is its emotive component. Emotive connotations are rendered by the emotional or expressive counter part of meaning. It is also very important to describe that affective connotations of a word can be within its romantic structure registered in its dictionary meaning. E.g: Fabulous, stunning, smart, terrific and the like have special emotive meaning fixed in dictionaries. E.g: Hes very rich. Hes fabulously rich. Many words hold an emotive meaning only in a definite context. In that case, we say that a word has a contextual emotive meaning. So, we can conclude that affective connotations of a word are peculiar to it either on the pragmatic or systematic level. 2.12. Role of connotation is culture and society: Different words have personal and cultural associations which can be subjective, contribute to their meaning. These additional meanings are known as connotations. We can also talk of affective, emotive, attitudinal or expressive meaning. In this example, we have seen that the word man has denotative meaning that is adult male human being but its connotations are virility, bravery and aggression. The personal and cultural aspects of the wor4d are brought in expressions like thats what I call a man! Or act like a man but the man where refers to after doing brave deed, it means that connotations of word may differ according to the society in which the people use it. For example connotation of the word police means reliability, helpfulness, friendliness and protection while some persons in a society take it as harassment, arrests, aggression, obstruction and injustice etc. it is necessary to define the terms when we translate. The people have different awareness about the political term like labour, depending on the politic of individual. Connotations are difficult to understand than denotation and much more variable and culture bound. For example snow may appear beautiful who have never seen it but the people who live in cold countries where the snow is falling. So the word snow have negative connotation according to this context. The Dog is in western society as a mans best friend but for Arabs and Hindus this animal take as a pet. For the pareses, people take dog as a sacred animal. Words may have the same denotative meaning but the connotative meaning varies from person to person. For instance, woman and lady both denote adult female human being but the word lay has connotation of good breeding and social graces that are absent from women. Some words are always positive like generous, courtesy and masterpiece but others are always negative like rubbish, dirty, thief etc. the one thing is that negative words are not obviously negative but they are marked as derogatory or disparaging in dictionaries. Some words can be both positive and negative according to context. In English, the adjective inquisitive may take as a healthy desire to learn but on the other hand, it takes as an unhealthy or annoying keenness to pry. The word respite is a Spanish word which means on one side respect and on the other hand, it means fear. Translators and language learners should know about the different connotations according to the context 2.13. Connotative meaning through language and culture: Language and culture are deeply interrelated with each other. Language is the vehicle of cultural manifestation. Some words have different motions and cultural values in different languages. That is to say, Many foreign words which appear to have an equivalent basic meaning in the learners L1 are nevertheless different because of their different connotations. (Laufer, 1990, p.582). Lado (1972) defines these words as culturally loaded words Lexical totems which have similar primary meaning but widely different connotations in two languages (p. 285). For example the word old means people are addressed so old in English but in Chinese, this word take as old + surname of surname + old. This is the difficult area of vocabulary acquisition as the tendency of the learner will to transfer the L1 connotation in to L2 (Laufer, 1990, p. 582). English and Chinese are two different languages because these two languages show two distinct culture and ideologies. Chinese culture values harmony, tradition, authority, group solidarity etc while western cultures value individualism, uniqueness, creation, adventure etc. (Jia Yuxin, 1997). Different political and social system through Chinese and western cultures have different understandings of certain political and ideological issues. Moreover, English is neither an official language nor a lingua franca in china. Chinese EFL learners find it difficult to access the cultural aspect of English. They have few chances to communicate with native speaker of English. Liu Zhong (1999) conducted the study of show that certain words have different cultural connotations in Chinese and English. Such as old, propagandas etc. they tested Chinese EFL learners to see whether their judgment on word used in a specific English context is proper or not and their studies pointed out the Chinese learners perception of whether a word is used properly with specific English contexts deviated from that of native speakers of English. 2.14. Emotional meaning of connotation: Connotations also provide emotional power to the word so much that people will fight and die for them. G.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards were the first scholars to consider the misunderstandings that result from the failure of communicators to know that their subjective reactions toward will be a product of their life experience. For example, Mellissas dog dies and she tells Trish about it. Trishs understanding of a massage depends on the feelings of him about pet and death. Mellissa who sees dogs as truly friends, may be intending to communicate her extreme grief. Trish who has never had a pet and doesnt especially care of pets in general or dogs in particular, may miss the emotional meaning that Mellissa has. For this reason, Connotations can be used effectively to increase the emotional appeal to your message. Language also serves as a bridge between human being and the word of sense data. The denotative meaning of the word snake is the perception of the sense data that makes up the sn ake. The connotative meaning of the expression Look! A Snake! is described according to the perception of Mellissa and her grandfather. This expression which they both shared, was a bridge between Mellissas perception and her grandfather. If they did not speak the same natural language then she wouldnt share the connotative meaning of the word snake. Since they do share in the conventional connotative meaning of the expression, she can cross over to he grandfathers perceptual word by using it. Words serve as connotative bridges. Mellissa and her grandfather were unsuccessful in seeking a visual perception of the snake. So words are also denotative bridges. They connect us with real things by means of understanding and processing sense data. 2.15. Connotation in semiotic modes: The term connotation is used in so many ways. John Stuart Mill described words that have different meanings but he focused on two kinds of meaning. For instance, the word white, firstly, denotes the class of white things or as snow or paper or the foam of sea. But its abstract concept has connotative meaning like whiteness, virtue etc. the most importance approach in semiotics has been that of Roland Barites, who was a key player in Paris school structuralist semiotics of the 1690s and 1970s. Barthes argued that different ways of expressing the same concept can have different meanings because the same concept can be expressed in different languages. He developed his approach to denotation and connotation not in relation to language and applied the term connotation to semiotic modes other than language. 2.16. Role of vocabulary in understating connotative meaning: Lexis lexical phrases have come to play a very important role in language teaching learning. Lexis has become more important than structures teacher have noticed that if a person does not know certain words and expression he/she will find it very difficult to express what he/she wishes to say. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using worng words not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often led to misunderstanding may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax.(Carter 1987 : 145) Taylor (1990 : 1 ) emphasized the essentiality of vocabulary knowledge. In order to live in the world, we must name it. Names are essential for the

mass commication and how it affects todays youth Essay examples -- ess

From Eminem’s hardcore explicit lyrics, to Lil Kim’s outrageous outfits to the late Tupac Shakur’s â€Å"thug life† image, the rap subculture has been under a lot of speculation. Many rappers lyrics contain violent messages that parents fear are encouraging youth to become violent. The media has a field day covering protests against rappers, such as Eminem about their explicit lyrics towards gays, women and their promotion of violence. The main concern is how rap is influencing today, particularly towards the youth community, and the answer can be found in the media. There are a lot of articles, books, movies and documentaries written and produced each year with hip-hop being the main subject. This great plethora of media not only affects the youth but other people as well. However, one needs to understand how the rap culture got started, and why the media found it interesting enough to give it a substantial amount of coverage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Webster, rap is rhythmic chanting of usually rhyming couplets to a musical accompaniment (Webster, 607). The rap subculture began in the African community residing in the Bronx during the 70’s with rappers free styling—when artists rhyme without memorization or writing down lyrics—in the park, on street corners and in apartment basements (Watkins, 63). This was a harmless way of determining who the best lyricist was. At the time artists such as Arrested Development made lyrics that sent a positive message to the African community. The group’s songs address topics ranging from homelessness to the search for spirituality and African Americans’ connection with Africa. Through their positive influence they received â€Å"Best New Artist† and â€Å"Best Rap Artist† during the 1993 Grammy Awards (Boyd, 44). During its birth, this subculture produced many other cultures such as graffiti art, break dancing and most notably rap music. This subculture was very expressive and paved the way for latter cultures’ success. In his book, Fight the Power, Chuck D (a member of rap group Public Enemy) states, â€Å"Hip hop is a subculture of Black culture. It’s another term for Black creativity. Rap music is here to stay because it’s vocal over music, and as the music changes the vocals can remain the same because it’s one of the few live vocal styles ever used for recording music† (p.g. 248). He was right because as the 80’s wer... ...l Publishing. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. Craig Watkins, 1998. â€Å"Balck Youth and the Ironies of Capitalism.† In Representing Hip-Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelson George, Hip Hop America. New York: Penguin Books, 1998 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heru Ptah. A Hip Hop Story. New York: Pocket Books, 2002 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Mile, starring Eminem and Malik Phieffer 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown Sugar staring Sanaa Lathan and Taye Diggs 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarence Lusane. 1993 â€Å"Rap, race and politics.†. Black America: The Street and the Campus. Special Issue of Reace and Class: 35:1. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tricia Rose. Never Trust, 1996 page 60 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Todd Boyd. 1994. â€Å"Check Yo Self before you Wreck Yo Self:: Variations on a Political Theme in Rap Music and Popular Culture.† Public Culture. 7:1. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Connie Buck. 7 July 1991. â€Å"The Takedown of Tupac.† The New Yorker 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randall Sullivan. 7 June 2001. â€Å"The Murder of the Notorious BIG.† Rolling Stone.

What is history

Unpredictable yet calming, universal yet unique. It is a place that holds the unknown within the known. It's complexity and creases of age, embody the qualities of both our known and unknown pasts. Our history. While the oxford dictionary defines history as the study of past events, particularly in human affairs, my recent further analysis of our past and present world has entirely dismantled the idea that history can be defined by a statistical record of events, dates and figures but has rather enlightened me to the inability to restrict the idea of ‘history to one function.So, what Is history? The multifaceted nature of history, Is what links It so closely to the nature of the ocean; enforcing the fact that it is not one but many things. Upon analysis of Huffing Puffs controversial and exceedingly narrow-minded opinion that history should be taught and learnt with the â€Å"pivotal facts and dates† using the â€Å"root and branch renewal† of teaching, it has com e to my attention that his explicit focus on the linear nature of history, arrogantly neglects the soul of what history actually Is. History Is constantly flowing and moving, there are an infinite number ways to define history.Huffing puffs ignorance, is embodied in the fact that history is not only about the what, but also, most importantly the where, who, why and how. History is who people were in the past and the personalities and opinions of those people. If history was Just pivotal facts and dates, decisions would not be made by the hundreds of choices people make to decide anything, they would Just happen automatically. People's personalities and opinions effect what happened in the past o much that it would be foolish to disregard past people's point of views as history.Equally as important is the culture in which people thrived at different times in the past. The Where. Culture is the soul of a society, the ideas, customs, and social behaviors that without, societies wouldn' t exist. Culture is what differentiates an Australian boy to a French one. It Is what separates the nature of Doll Hitler to Franklin Roosevelt. What culture does Is create varied perspectives. The why. Why do people make the decisions that they do? Why do different people have different views n war?Analyzing is history. But my discovery of history increasingly similar nature to that of the ocean, not only insights us to what history is, but the vital importance of studying it. History provides us the unique opportunity to reflect, learn and re-master mistakes from the past. It would be naive to neglect this convenience, which is history. Imagine if we TLD learn from war. Would nuclear bombs be detonating all over the globe due to lack of knowledge about Its protracted destruction? Would the united Nations not exist?Not only do we need to study history to fix or comprehend hat happened in the past, but to expand from the past. â€Å"-?I e. G. Technology e. G. Light bulb†. Inn ovation provides a reason to exist, a purpose. Making the world a better place, isn't that what we all want to do? Huffing Puff obviously doesn't think so. â€Å"People without the knowledge of there past history, origin and culture Is like a tree without roots. â€Å"

Homosexuality: Disorder or Innate

Is homosexuality an innate, normal sexual orientation or something one becomes through life’s trials? Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Francis Bacon, Herman Melville and Fredrick the Great all had one thing common, other than their famous personas. Every one of these men were homosexuals. In today’s society, homosexuality has grown to be labeled as a â€Å"sin† and/or something that one chooses to be rather born with.From religious leaders to medical doctors, homosexuality is thought to be a â€Å"disease† in society. Many even believe that homosexuality is a sexual orientation caused by how one was raised. I, on the other hand, believe otherwise. I believe that sexual orientation, or more specifically homosexuality, is something one is born with and not a disorder or choice. Charles Socarides, M. D. founder of NARTH (National Association for Research & Therapy of homosexuality wrote: By declaring a condition [homosexuality] a ‘non-condition,' a group of practitioners had removed it from our list of serious psychosexual disorders. The action was all the more remarkable when one considers that it involved the out-of-hand and peremptory disregard and dismissal not only of hundreds of psychiatric and psychoanalytic research papers and reports, but also of a number of other serious studies by groups of psychiatrists, psychologists, and educators over the past seventy years†¦In essence, this movement within the American Psychiatric Association has accomplished what every other society, with rare exceptions, would have trembled to tamper with–a revision of a basic code and concept of life and biology; that men and women normally mate with the opposite sex and not with each other. (Socradies) More generally, Dr. Socarides believes that for the medical world to remove homosexuality from the list of mental disorders is astounding. He believes that there is something mentally wrong with humans that prefer same sex partner s.I, on the other hand, believe sexual orientation is something one is born with, or is innate. The APA, American Psychological Association, agrees that homosexuality is not a mental disorder and has made revisions in their way of thought and practices. The APA states on its website â€Å"Psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals agree that homosexuality is not an illness, mental disorder or an emotional problem. Over 35 years of objective, well-designed scientific research has shown that homosexuality, in and [of] itself, is not associated with mental disorders or emotional or social problems.When researchers examined data about these people who were not in therapy, the idea that homosexuality was a mental illness was quickly found to be untrue† (American Psychiatric Association). Ruling out the belief, that homosexuality is not a disorder can help by not having to seek â€Å"treatment† because it is curable. However, this leads some to think that if it homosexuality isn’t due to a disorder it must be the parents who raise them that way. The opposing viewpoint generally believes that children raised by lesbian co-parents should and do seem to grow up more open to homoerotic relationships.This may be partly due to genetic and family socialization processes. Judith Stacey, Ph. D. agrees with this notion. In a 2001 article Stacey stated, â€Å"The sexual orientation of parents appears to have a unique (although not large) effect on children in the politically sensitive domain of sexuality. The evidence, while scanty and under analyzed, hints that parental sexual orientation is positively associated with the possibility that children will be more likely to attain a similar orientation-and theory and common sense also support such a view† (Stacey PhD). I disagree with Ms. Stacey.The gender identity of preadolescent children raised by lesbian mothers has been found consistently to be in line with their biological gender. None of more than 500 children studied have shown evidence of gender-identity confusion, wished to be the other gender, or consistently engaged in cross-gender behavior. No differences have been found in the toy, game, activity, dress, or friendship preferences of boys or girls who had lesbian mothers, compared with those who had heterosexual mothers. James G. Pawelski, M. D. supports my viewpoint. Using data from a national sample of adolescents, Dr.Pawelski finds â€Å"no difference on the basis of whether the parents were the same or different genders in the proportion of adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse, nor was a difference found in the number who reported having a ‘romantic relationship' within the past 18 months† [ (Pawelski MD) ]. Agreeing with this view and observation may bring less scrutiny about same-sex couples adopting and/or raising a child. Unfortunately, it doesn’t help with the people who believe homosexuality is a result of same-sex sexual abuse. There is no universal definition of child sexual abuse. However, a central haracteristic of any abuse is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity. Child sexual abuse is not solely restricted to physical contact; such abuse could include non-contact abuse, such as exposure, voyeurism, and child pornography. Timothy J. Dailey, Ph. D. , wrote that â€Å"[M]en who sexually molest boys all too often lead their victims into homosexuality and pedophilia. The evidence indicates that a high percentage of homosexuals and pedophiles were themselves sexually abused as children† [ (Dailey PhD) ]. This situation has been occurring in the Catholic Church lately.Many male priests are molesting young children, most of them being male themselves. To hold Dr. Dailey’s theory/assumption to be truth may add more controversy to this already intense situation. It also may cause people to further assume that just being raised by a male can â€Å"turn† someone gay. However, I do not agree with Dr. Dailey’s assumption and neither does the American Psychiatric Association who stated in a May 2000 website fact sheet that â€Å"[N]o specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse.Sexual abuse does not appear to be more prevalent in children who grow up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, than in children who identify as heterosexual† [ (American Psychiatric Association) ]. Just because some adults who were molested as children are gay, does not mean that the molestation was the cause of the sexual orientation. As, the American Psychiatric Association found, there are no more cases of children being gay after being molested by the same-sex then the cases of children who are heterosexual. It is incorrect to assume that homosexuality is something that life situations make o ccur.This brings us to the last major â€Å"excuse† for being homosexual which arises from various religious beliefs. Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism are all religions that have negative views on homosexuality, but the one that speaks the loudest against it is Christianity, or more specifically the Catholic Church. Many Christians believe that homosexual activity is inherently sinful, irrespective of the relationship between the two persons. Many biblical passages condemn all forms of homosexual behaviors, using inclusive terms such as â€Å"sodomite† or â€Å"homosexual. â€Å". Same-sex practices are uniquely offensive to God.After all, God destroyed Sodom and its inhabitants because of their homosexual activity. All the men in the town wanted to have homosexual sex with the visiting angels. Homosexual behavior is one of a small group of behaviors that will prevent a person from attaining salvation and going to heaven. 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 says that â€Å"â € ¦ neither†¦ effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind†¦ shall inherit the kingdom of God. † Other English translators substitute the term â€Å"homosexuals† here. Christians believe and were taught to believe that homosexuality is something that is chosen; an act against God and his law.Where the Bible mentions homosexual behavior at all, it clearly condemns it. I freely grant that. The issue is precisely whether that Biblical judgment is correct. The Bible sanctioned slavery as well and nowhere attacked it as unjust. Are we prepared to argue today that slavery is biblically justified? If you are a heterosexual†¦ can you explain why you are attracted to the opposite sex? Being a heterosexual, I can say that the first thing that comes to mind when asked that question is that it is just a feeling. It is hard to explain but I just have a drive towards males.However, what if the social norm was different? What if the social norm was to be homosex ual and people were scolding you for â€Å"choosing† to be heterosexual? Do you think being heterosexual is something you just â€Å"decided† to be one day? Most, if not all, heterosexuals would answer â€Å"No, I was born straight†. Well, then why is it so hard to grasp that homosexuals are born with the drive to be homosexual innately? If we can be heterosexual at birth, why can they not be homosexual at birth? Society and Religion has branded our minds to think that homosexuality is a chosen path†¦ I disagree.I did not â€Å"choose† to be â€Å"straight†; therefore, I do not and cannot believe that homosexuals â€Å"choose† to be gay. To join my belief means that one agrees that they themselves were born with their own drive for the opposite or same sex. Homosexuality is not a â€Å"disorder†. Homosexuality is not the affect of a prior incident in life. Homosexuality is not a preference that one day someone woke up and said, à ¢â‚¬Å"Hey I feel like being different so I am going to be gay. † As funny as that sounds, it is how many heterosexuals think about homosexuality; that it was something one just chose to be one day to â€Å"rebel†, like getting a tattoo or a piercing.Society and Religion have made their own assumptions about homosexuality because it is not a norm. Today’s world is afraid of anything different. People hate change and fear it. Thus, many come up with wild stories and assumptions to explain things that are different and normally they are not good ones. Being â€Å"gay† or â€Å"lesbian† is different from what society tells us to be, but why does that mean that it is something we chose to be or just become? I was born with an attraction to the opposite-sex. Many, if not all, heterosexuals can and would claim the same thing.So why is it so hard to believe that statement if the word â€Å"homosexual† replaced â€Å"heterosexual†? Does it not make sense? Do not be afraid of difference. Do not be ignorant. Be open and accepting that some people’s sexual orientation is homosexual just as you may be open to the belief that there are people that are heterosexual.